Advanced Usage

Session Handling

Making multiple requests to the same site with similar options can be a pain, since you end up repeating yourself. The Session object can be used to set default parameters for these.

Let's simulate communicating with GitHub.

$session = new \WpOrg\Requests\Session('https://api.github.com/');
$session->headers['X-ContactAuthor'] = 'rmccue';
$session->useragent = 'My-Awesome-App';

$response = $session->get('/zen');

You can use the url, headers, data and options properties of the WpOrg\Requests\Session object to set the defaults for this session, and the constructor also takes parameters in the same order as WpOrg\Requests\Requests::request(). Accessing any other properties will set the corresponding key in the options array; that is:

// Setting the property...
$session->useragent = 'My-Awesome-App';

// ...is the same as setting the option
$session->options['useragent'] = 'My-Awesome-App';

Secure Requests with SSL

It is recommended to always use secure requests whenever the server setup allows for it.

Setting the $options['verify'] key to true when initiating a request enables certificate verification using the certificate authority list provided by the server environment:

// Use server-provided certificate authority list.
$options  = array('verify' => true);
$response = \WpOrg\Requests\Requests::get('https://httpbin.org/', array(), $options);

The actual behavior depends on the transport being used, but in general should be based on the openssl PHP ini settings.

If you're accessing sites with certificates from other certificate authorities (CAs), or self-signed certificates, you can point Requests to a custom CA list in PEM form (the same format accepted by cURL and OpenSSL). You can do so by using the 'verify' option with a filepath string:

// Use custom certificate authority list.
$options = array(
    'verify' => '/path/to/cacert.pem'
);
$response = \WpOrg\Requests\Requests::get('https://httpbin.org/', array(), $options);

As a fallback, Requests bundles certificates from the Mozilla certificate authority list, which is the same list of root certificates used by most browsers. This fallback is used when the 'verify' option is not provided at all:

// Use fallback certificate authority list.
$response = \WpOrg\Requests\Requests::get('https://httpbin.org/');

:warning: Note however that this fallback should only be used for servers that are not properly configured for SSL verification, as a continuously managed server should provide a more up-to-date certificate authority list than a software library which only gets updates once in a while.

If you want to disable verification completely, this is possible with 'verify' => false, but doing so is at your own risk as this is extremely insecure and should be avoided.

SSL verification might not be available depending on what extensions are enabled for your PHP environment. You can test whether Requests has access to a transport with SSL capabilities with the following call:

use WpOrg\Requests\Capability;
use WpOrg\Requests\Requests;

$ssl_available = Requests::test(array(Capability::SSL => true));

Security Note

Requests supports SSL across both cURL and fsockopen in a transparent manner. Unlike other PHP HTTP libraries, support for verifying the certificate name is built-in; that is, a request for https://github.com/ will actually verify the certificate's name even with the fsockopen transport. Requests was the first PHP HTTP library to fully support SSL verification.

See also the related PHP and OpenSSL-related bugs in PHP for more information on Subject Alternate Name field.

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